lessons on modes, odd time signatures, circle of fifths, and some other stuff

[Ginner]

Lessons on modes, odd time signatures, and circle of fifths/fourths (damn thing wont let me put the entire title...)

COPY AND PASTE INTO NOTEPAD, OTHERWISE THE DIAGRAMS ARE OFF. YOU COULD ALSO GO TO THE SITE, BUT ALOT OF THE TIME IT IS DOWN.


these are some lessons i made, and as well as my bass playing friend

modesandscales by fortissimo (me)
modesforall by fortissimo (me)
oddtimesignatures by fortissimo (me)
cricle of fifths by Jon Kivinen
circle of fourths by Jon Kivinen

IMPORTANT!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
some of the diagrams will not make sense due to my lacking in HTML usage
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So i will add links to the lessons
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

here: http://www.geocities.com/kyleginner/modesandscales.txt

Understanding, Reading and Memorizing Scales and Modes

Understanding, Reading and Memorizing Scales and Modes part (I)
-Understanding scales

A scale: A series of notes differing
in pitch according to a specific
scheme (usually within an octave)

Learning and memorizing scales is a great way
to be able to improvise. It is also essential
to understanding music.

ie. The C Major Scale

C major

One octave
\/
c d ef g a bc d ef g a b

Between each letter, there is a space, which is a tone.
But between e and f, and b and c, there is no space.
We call this a semitone.
To read the tabs, see figure 1.

figure 1
--------

c d e f g a b c
---------------------
---------------0-1---
-----------0-2-------
-----0-2-3-----------
---3-----------------
---------------------





Understanding, Reading and Memorizing Scales and Modes (II)
-Understanding modes



There are 7 modes for every scale.

The modes of a Major scale are Ionian (natural major), Dorian,
Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolean, and Locrian.



The II mode of any scale is based upon the second tone of the
initial scale, in this case the major scale. A mode uses the exact
tones of the main scale; however, what was 2 becomes a one, what was
a 3 becomes a two, etc.

see figure 2.



figure 2.
---------

Formula
1 2 34 5 6 71 2 34 5 6 71 Ionian mode (major scale)
1 23 4 5 67 Dorian mode
12 3 4 56 7 Phrygian mode
1 2 3 45 6 7 Lydian mode
1 2 34 5 67 Mixolydian mode
1 23 4 56 7 Aeolean mode (min. scale)
12 3 45 6 7 Locrian mode




The process then continues with the other modes.




Understanding, Reading and Memorizing Scales and Modes (III)
-Memorizing Scales and Modes

The best way to memorize scales and modes is by their formulas.

In Understanding scale formulas, you need to
understand that there is a formula for every scale.
There are two diff methods of memorizing/using scale formulas.


# 1- compare the scale to the major scale to get the notes by using the
1 2 34 5 6 7 method.

If we didn’t compare it to the major scale,
we would end up with double notes.

i.e.

formula for the minor scale (we will use A minor.)

1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7
a b b (C flat, which is b.)
^
Note that the flat third is another B.

But if we compare it to the Major scale pattern, then it goes


a b c# (a major scale)
1 2 34 5 6 7(major pattern)
^
The third would
be a c sharp,
so the flat third would be a C.

So the real D minor formula would go
(T=tone, S=semitone)

T T S T T T S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 b3 4 5 b6b7
D E F G A bB C
Because d is the 1st, e is the second, F# would be the third, but because the third is flat, it is only an F, the fourth is a G, the fifth is an A, but the sixth is a Bb, because the sixth is a flat, and the seventh would be a C#, but it is flat, so it is just a C.

# 2 - using the tones and semi-tones as the formula
ie.


see figure 3

figure 3
--------

(1 to 2 is a tone, 2 to 3 is a tone, 3 to 4 is a semitone)

1st formula (major scale) T T S T T T S T T S T T T S

2nd formula (major scale) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

so the major scale’s formula using the #2 method would be
TTSTTTS


The Minor scales formula is

TSTTSTT

For a larger list of scale formulas, go here.
[URL=http://www.guitarsrule.com/theory/scales/sm-id.shtml]http://www.guitarsrule.com/theory/scales/sm-id.shtml[/URL

[Ginner]

------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.geocities.com/kyleginner/modesforall.txt
------------------------------------------------------------

Sweep Patterns and Scales of Modes In E and Scales


================================================== =========

E Ionian (Natural Major)


Description: This scale is used as base scale from which other modes and scales come from.

Quality: Happy or Upbeat quality

Musical Styles: Rock, Country, Jazz, Fusion

Chords: Major Chords

w w h w w w h w w h w w w h formula
e f# g# a b c# d# e f# g# a b c# d# scale
e g# b e g# b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-14-16-I
I----------------------------------12-14-16----------I
I----------------------------13-14-------------------I
I-------------------13-14-16-------------------------I
I----------12-14-16----------------------------------I
I-12-14-16-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-14-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------16-14-12----------------------------------I
I----------------14-13----------------------------I
I----------------------16-14-13-------------------I
I-------------------------------16-14-12----------I
I----------------------------------------16-14-12-I

sweep
I----------------------16----------------------I
I----------------12-17----17-12----------------I
I-------------13----------------13-------------I
I----------14----------------------14----------I
I----11-14----------------------------14-11----I
I-12----------------------------------------12-I

================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

E Dorian


Description: This is the major scale with a flat 3rd and 7th note

Quality: Jazzy, Sophisticated, Soulful

Musical Styles: Jazz, Fusion, Blues, and Rock

Chords: Minor, Minor 7th, Minor 9th

w h w w w h w w h w w w h w formula
e f# g a b c# d e f# g a b c# d scale
e g b e g b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-14-15-I
I----------------------------------12-14-15----------I
I----------------------------12-14-------------------I
I-------------------12-14-16-------------------------I
I----------12-14-16----------------------------------I
I-12-14-15-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-14-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------15-14-12----------------------------------I
I----------------14-12----------------------------I
I----------------------16-14-12-------------------I
I-------------------------------16-14-12----------I
I----------------------------------------15-14-12-I

sweep
I----------------------15----------------------I
I-------------------17----17-------------------I
I----------------16----------16----------------I
I----------14-17----------------17-14----------I
I-------14----------------------------14-------I
I-12-15----------------------------------15-12-I

================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

E Phrygian


Description: This is the major scale with a flat 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 7th note

Quality: Spanish Flavor

Musical Styles: Flamenco, Fusion, Speed Metal

Chords: Minor, Minor 7th

h w w w h w w h w w w h w w formula
e f g a b c d e f g a b c d scale
e g b e g b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-13-15-I
I----------------------------------12-13-15----------I
I----------------------------12-14-------------------I
I-------------------12-14-15-------------------------I
I----------12-14-15----------------------------------I
I-12-13-15-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-13-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------15-13-12----------------------------------I
I----------------14-12----------------------------I
I----------------------15-14-12-------------------I
I-------------------------------15-14-12----------I
I----------------------------------------15-13-12-I

sweep
I----------------------15----------------------I
I-------------------17----17-------------------I
I----------------16----------16----------------I
I----------14-17----------------17-14----------I
I-------14----------------------------14-------I
I-12-15----------------------------------15-12-I

================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

E Lydian


Description: This is the major scale with a sharp 4th note

Quality: Airy

Musical Styles: Jazz, Fusion, Rock, Country

Chords: Major, Major 7th, Major 9th, Sharp 11th

w w w h w w h w w w h w w h formula
e f# g# a# b c# d# e f# g# a# b c# d# scale
e g# b e g# b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-14-16-I
I----------------------------------12-14-16----------I
I-------------------------11-13-15-------------------I
I----------------11-13-14----------------------------I
I----------13-14-------------------------------------I
I-12-14-16-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-14-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------16-14-12----------------------------------I
I----------------15-13-11-------------------------I
I-------------------------14-13-11----------------I
I----------------------------------14-13----------I
I----------------------------------------16-14-12-I

sweep
I----------------------16----------------------I
I----------------12-17----17-12----------------I
I-------------13----------------13-------------I
I----------14----------------------14----------I
I----11-14----------------------------14-11----I
I-12----------------------------------------12-I


================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

E Mixolydian


Description: This is the major scale with a flat 7th note

Quality: Bluesy

Musical Styles: Blues, Country, Rockabilly, and Rock

Chords: Dominant Chords

w w h w w h w w w h w w h w formula
e f# g# a b c# d e f# g# a b c# d scale
e g# b e g# b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-14-16-I
I----------------------------------12-14-15----------I
I----------------------------13-14-------------------I
I-------------------12-14-16-------------------------I
I----------12-14-16----------------------------------I
I-12-14-16-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-14-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------15-14-12----------------------------------I
I----------------14-13----------------------------I
I----------------------16-14-12-------------------I
I-------------------------------16-14-12----------I
I----------------------------------------16-14-12-I

sweep
I----------------------16----------------------I
I----------------12-17----17-12----------------I
I-------------13----------------13-------------I
I----------14----------------------14----------I
I----11-14----------------------------14-11----I
I-12----------------------------------------12-I

================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

[Ginner]

E Aeolean (natural minor)


Description: This is the major scale with a flat 3rd, 6th, and 7th note

Quality: Sad, Sorrowful

Musical Styles: Pop, Blues, Rock, Heavy Metal, Country, Fusion

Chords: Minor Chords

W h w w h w w W h w w h w w formula
e f# g a b c d e f# g a b c d scale
e g b e g b sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-14-15-I
I----------------------------------12-13-15----------I
I----------------------------12-14-------------------I
I-------------------12-14-16-------------------------I
I----------12-14-15----------------------------------I
I-12-14-15-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-14-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------15-13-12----------------------------------I
I----------------14-12----------------------------I
I----------------------16-14-12-------------------I
I-------------------------------15-14-12----------I
I----------------------------------------15-14-12-I

sweep
I----------------------15----------------------I
I-------------------17----17-------------------I
I----------------16----------16----------------I
I----------14-17----------------17-14----------I
I-------14----------------------------14-------I
I-12-15----------------------------------15-12-I

================================================== ==========
================================================== ==========

E Locrian


Description: This is the major scale with a flat 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, and 7th note

Quality: Sinister

Musical Styles: Jazz, Fusion

Chords: Diminished, Minor 7th Flat Fives

h w w h w w w h w w h w w w formula
e f g a a# c d e f g a a# c d scale
e g a# e g a# sweep

scale
I-------------------------------------------12-13-15-I
I-------------------------------------13-15----------I
I----------------------------12-14-15----------------I
I-------------------12-14-15-------------------------I
I----------12-13-15----------------------------------I
I-12-13-15-------------------------------------------I

scale (con't)
I-13-12-------------------------------------------I
I-------15-13-------------------------------------I
I-------------15-14-12----------------------------I
I----------------------15-14-12-------------------I
I-------------------------------15-13-12----------I
I----------------------------------------14-13-12-I

sweep
I----------------------15----------------------I
I-------------------17----17-------------------I
I-------------12-15----------15-12-------------I
I----------14----------------------14----------I
I-------13----------------------------13-------I
I-12-15----------------------------------15-12-I


alternate/ extra sweep patterns of the modes of the major scale

================================================== ==========
Ionian
e g# b e g# b

5 string
I---------4-7-4---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---6---------------6---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I----------12-16-12----------I
I-------12----------12-------I
I----13----------------13----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I------7-12-7-----I
I----9--------9---I
I--9------------9-I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I

================================================== =============
================================================== =============

Dorian
e g b e g b

5 string
I---------3-7-3---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---5---------------5---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I-------------15-------------I
I----------17----17----------I
I----12-16----------16-12----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I-----7-12-7-----I
I---8--------8---I
I-9------------9-I
I----------------I
I----------------I
I----------------I

================================================== ============
================================================== ============

Phrygian
e g b e g b

5 string
I---------3-7-3---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---5---------------5---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I-------------15-------------I
I----------17----17----------I
I----12-16----------16-12----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I-----7-12-7-----I
I---8--------8---I
I-9------------9-I
I----------------I
I----------------I
I----------------I

================================================== ==============
================================================== ==============

Lydian
e g# b e g# b

5 string
I---------4-7-4---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---6---------------6---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I----------12-16-12----------I
I-------12----------12-------I
I----13----------------13----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I------7-12-7-----I
I----9--------9---I
I--9------------9-I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I

================================================== ===============
================================================== ===============

Mixolydian
e g# b e g# b

5 string
I---------4-7-4---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---6---------------6---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I----------12-16-12----------I
I-------12----------12-------I
I----13----------------13----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I------7-12-7-----I
I----9--------9---I
I--9------------9-I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I
I-----------------I

================================================== ===============
================================================== ===============

Aeolean
e g b e g b

5 string
I---------3-7-3---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----4-----------4-----I
I---5---------------5---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I-------------15-------------I
I----------17----17----------I
I----12-16----------16-12----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I-----7-12-7-----I
I---8--------8---I
I-9------------9-I
I----------------I
I----------------I
I----------------I

================================================== ================
================================================== ================

Locrian
e g a# e g a#

5 string
I---------3-6-3---------I
I-------5-------5-------I
I-----3-----------3-----I
I---5---------------5---I
I-7-------------------7-I
I-----------------------I

4 string
I----------12-16-12----------I
I-------11----------11-------I
I----12----------------12----I
I-14----------------------14-I
I----------------------------I
I----------------------------I

3 string
I-----6-12-6-----I
I---8--------8---I
I-9------------9-I
I----------------I
I----------------I
I----------------I

================================================== ================
================================================== ================

[Ginner]

---------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.geocities.com/kyleginner/timelesson.txt
----------------------------------------------------------------------


Odd Time Signatures




4/4 time
--------

say you have a bar in 4/4 timing.
then you can fit any notes in,
as long as they equal 4.

7/4 time
--------

now, say you have a bar in 7/4 timing.
then you can fit any notes in,
as long as they equal 7.

The reason for odd time signatures
----------------------------------

what if you have a melody or "riff"
that is seven equal notes long?
it would start on a different beat every time.
see figure 1


fig 1

4 I 1 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 1 I 2 3 4 5 I 6 7 1 2 I
- I---------I---------I---------I---------I
4 I I I I I

there are 4 bars of 4/4 timing, and the 7/4
beat does not fit.


the best and eisyiest way to solve this is by making
7/4 timing, by making 7 beats per bar.
see fig 2


fig 2

7 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I
- I---------------I---------------I
4 I I I

as you can see this fits much much better

[Ginner]

CIRCLE OF FIFTHS

---------------------------------------------------------
http://www.geocities.com/kyleginner/cof.txt
-----------------------------------------------------------

Order of Sharps:
-==============-

F C G D A E B
a h o o n n a
t a e w d d t
h r s n s t
e l l
r e e
s


Circle of Fifths:
-===============-

G D A E B F# C#


How it works:
-===========-

The C major scale has no sharps or flats.

C Major: C D E F G A B C

The fifth of C major (G) will have 1 sharp in its major scale.

G Major: G A B C D E F# G

The sharp in G Major is the first letter on the order of sharps.

The fifth of the G Major (D) will have 2 sharps in its major scale.

Can you guess what they are?

D Major: D E F# G A B C# D

The two sharps there are the first two letters of the order of sharps.

This pattern continues:

A Major: A B C# D E F# G# A <--- 3 sharps

E Major: E F# G# A B C# D# E <--- 4 sharps

B...

F#...

C# Major: C# D# E# F# G# A# B# C# <--- All sharps


So in conclusion...
-=================-

The Circle of Fifths is handy.


By Jon Kivinen

[Ginner]

CIRCLE OF FOURTHS

--------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.geocities.com/kyleginner/cof1.txt
---------------------------------------------------------------

Order of Flats:
-==============-

B E A D G C F
a n n o o h a
t d d w e a t
t s n s r h
l l e
e e r
s

(opposite to the order of fifths)

Circle of Fourths:
-===============-

C F Bb Eb Db Gb Cb


How it works:
-===========-

The C major scale has no sharps or flats.

C Major: C D E F G A B C

The fourth of C major (F) will have 1 flat in its major scale.

F Major: F G A Bb C D E F

The flat in F Major is the first letter on the order of flats.

The fourth of the F Major (Bb) will have 2 flats in its major scale.

Can you guess what they are?

Bb Major: Bb C D Eb F G A Bb

The two flats are the first two letters of the order of flats.

This pattern continues:

Eb Major: Eb F G Ab Bb C D E <--- 3 flats

Ab Major: Ab Bb C Db Eb F G A <--- 4 flats

Db...

Gb...

Cb Major: Cb Db Eb Fb Gb Ab Bb Cb <--- All flats
(Even though Fb is E, it has to be F flat because
the scale can't go Cb D Eb E Gb Ab Bb Cb.)


So in conclusion...
-=================-

The Circle of Fourths is handy.


By Jon Kivinen

[Ginner]

Home Recording Process
----------------------


1. If your computer has sound, then it has a
sound card. you dont need a special one.

2. You will need a computer recording program, i suggest cakewalk.
(you can download it from kazaa, or if you have
msn messenger i can send it to you)

3. You will need an adapter that will make a large male jack
(a patchchord end) into a small male jack. (like headphone size) you can
get this at your local radioshack, or even canadian tire for 5 bucks.

4. You wil need an amp or a digital effects pedal,
i suggest multi effects pedals, such as zoom makes.

5. Setup your effects/amp as if you were just going
to play out of your amp. now if you have any effects, you take
the patchchord leading to the amp, put the adapter on, and then plug
it into the back of your computer. ( there should be a picture of a
little microphone, it should be near the keyboard, and mouse and speakers and stuff).
if all you have is an amp, then this isnt worth it, but if you can. if your amp has
a headphone input, then put a patchchord into that, and then into adapter, and into
computer. if it has ext speaker, like for a cabinet, then do the same as you would
with the earphone input.

6. Open cakewalk, and set it up how you want it and then record
(if you want a tutorial on cakewalk, i would be glad to help.)

7. You are done! if you want to record drums, voice, keyboard, etc, you will
need a mic, but the steps are all the same.

[_revel]

Once I finish reading this, I will conclude that these are really helpful. Thanks a bunch for actually posting this.

Keep this topic bumped!

[rhcp182]

thanks thats useful i havent read it all yet though but i saved it thanks

[rbehr]

You can just get a large-to-small adapter, and plug it in the line in or mic hole ( i forget which one). Open sound recorder and go. Works for me.... Not great quality though..